What does the term "Eugenics" refer to?

The term "Eugenics" specifically refers to the science of improving genetic qualities in a population. This concept emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on the idea that human heredity can be enhanced through selective breeding and other interventions. Proponents of eugenics advocated for the improvement of human traits such as intelligence, physical ability, and overall health by encouraging reproduction among individuals deemed 'fit' and discouraging it among those considered 'unfit.'

This definition encompasses various aspects of genetic manipulation and selection, including practices that could involve controlled breeding or genetic modification. While the other options mention relevant aspects of genetics and health, they do not capture the essence of eugenics, which is fundamentally concerned with the intentional alteration of genetic traits within populations.